Psychoanalytic Analysis Essay

Richard, 44 years old, was referred by his doctor who felt that he had a major drinking problem. Initially, Richard resisted seeing himself as a problem drinker and preferred the idea that he was depressed. Richard exhibits impulsive binge behavior, engages in frantic efforts to avoid feelings of loneliness, shows a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, displays inappropriate anger, and manifests extreme mood swings. Nevertheless, it appears that Richard has no significant medical problems or medical history. Richards’s mother died when he was 10 and his father sent him to a private boarding school, feeling that he could not manage to bring up his son by himself. Richard felt that he was abandoned by both of his parents ? by his mother who died and left him and by his father, just when he had most needed his love, companionship and support. He has had three marriages, each of which ended when his wife left. Typically, each woman grew tired of his continual drinking binges and all that went with his alcoholism: getting fired from job after job, not being a father to his children, being abusive both verbally and physically to her and being extremely dependent on her. Consequently, Richard thinks that he did not have what it takes to keep a wife and eventually grew increasingly bitter towards women since they all left him when he needed them the most. In the aspect of his work, he feels a great deal of anger towards his former boss who fired him. He complains that when he was broke his boss took his job away from him and didn’t offer him support. Thus, in his eyes, important men always let him down including male friends who broke contact because of his drinking. Diagnosis (based on the criteria of manifestations), Psychodynamic Analysis, Use of Free Associations, Theoretical Treatment and Conclusion Based on the manifestations presented on the overview of Richard’s case, we can classify him to belong in the group of Psychiatric Disorders known as Personality Disorders. Personality Disorders are â€Å"pervasive chronic psychological disorders† characterized by an individual’s unique psychological traits and inability to form or maintain interpersonal relationships that revolve around the sphere of family, friends, and work environments ((MentalHelp. net, 2001). Richard’s salient manifestations are further classified into the Borderline type of Personality Disorder. Dombeck (2001), in his article â€Å"Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms† enlisted the following symptoms, which are usually seen in persons with this state: †¢ â€Å"Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation †¢ Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self †¢ Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e. g. , spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating) †¢ Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior †¢ Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e. g. , intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) A chronic feelings of emptiness †¢ Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e. g. , frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights) transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms† (Criteria summarized from: American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. ). Hence, as we can see in the aforementioned clinical manifestations, Richard can truly belong in this type of disorder.  A question may be generated in our minds as to the factors that can trigger the occurrence and aggravation of this disorder in an individual. In line with this, we can device the Psychodynamic approach, which will lead us to trace and analyze the advent of this condition to a person. According to Ballas (2006), one of the root causes or risk factors of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is abandonment issues in childhood. As we can observe, we can directly relate this factor to Richard’s case since he perceived her mother’s death and his father’s decision to send him to the boarding school as abandonment. This issue has affected him in these ways: when his mother died, there was somewhat a feeling of loss as any individual could have when a loved one passes away. However, this feeling was aggravated by the decision of his father. Instead of comforting him, sending him away was the remedy because his father in turn had doubts if he can bring up his son properly. The decision of father was not helpful to the grieving Richard who absolutely by that time needed the support system to help him make it through. Further, this may have caused a significant anxiety, which can prompt the Richard’s disorder. Hence, this disorder as anxiety-related. As defined by Gale (1998), anxiety is an unconscious strategy in which an individual would want to avoid a negative stimulus in view of the fact that it causes a somewhat threat on his or her ego integrity. This must have played a role in Richard’s condition. In this way, defense mechanisms are the way to unleash their feeling within. Defense mechanism is defined and expounded as a psychological mechanism to lessen tension and to protect the ego from potential threat. Defense mechanisms can help an individual cope with anxiety or it can also be harmful. The defense mechanisms that we will be dealing with are still based on the definitions on the same article. As we can evaluate Richard’s symptoms, we can clearly discern the defense mechanisms that he used. Denial was one of them. It was characterized by his resistance to the fact that the doctor said that he has a major drinking problem. Denial was his attempt to eliminate the threatening information that he was confronted. Projection was also used in the aspect of his unsuccessful marriages. It was characterized by blaming his wives who left him to cover up the feeling of inadequacy as a husband to them. In other words, he projected his mistakes to other people. He also used displacement as a defense mechanism, as revealed by his an abusive husband and father. On the other hand, he exhibited five of the criteria for the disorder: impulsive binge behavior, frantic efforts to avoid feelings of loneliness, inappropriate anger, pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships and extreme mood swings. The use of free association is helpful in this case as it can help to connect the details of the Richard’s thoughts and experiences. According to Chiriac (translation by Cristea, 2008), in her article â€Å"About the Free Associations Method†, free associations are useful in a way that â€Å"thoughts are autonomously activated by chance verbal associations, influence conscious psychic life in a frequently dramatic manner and the task of psychoanalysis is to bring such complexes to the surface of conscious mind and eventually integrate them into the patient’s life†. Thus, Richard’s thought may have been unveiled and interpreted by the doctor with the use of this method. Levin (2001) shared some important details in the treatment of BPD in her article in MentalHealth. et. She said that the treatment of choice for BPD, as with most personality disorders, is Psychotherapy. Further, it must be noted that making contract with the individuals with suicidal attempts is essential and must be taken as an initial action. Medications may be prescribed. However, there are still controversies on this matter. She also emphasized that the therapists or the clinicians must be firm in handling this individuals because BPD patients are difficult to deal with. As she recommended, the most successful and effective comprehensive approach to date has been Marsha Linehan’s Dialectical Behavior Therapy. This psychotherapy seeks to teach the client how to learn to better take control of their lives, their emotions, and themselves through self-knowledge, emotion regulation, and cognitive restructuring and is often conducted within a group setting. In addition, hospitalization will also be of great help since it provides a highly-structured environment necessary for the individual’s independence. As with this disorder, medications are not specifically prescribed. Nevertheless, some medications such as antidepressant and anti-anxiety agents may be necessary to alleviate associated symptoms. Hence, Levin (2001) also emphasized the importance of self-help and support groups for patient’s suffering from this disorder. Therefore, a sufficient understanding of the case has been achieved by those aforementioned points that have been discussed. We have traced how Richard has gotten his condition through a careful analysis of the objective manifestations, which have been presented in the overview of this study. We can associate how the events in Richard’s childhood contributed to the intrapsychic conflicts and anxiety that had developed in him in the course of time. We have utilized some defense mechanism that he used in order to protect his ego from anxiety-provoking stimuli. In this way, we knew how his past had greatly affected his interpersonal relationships, which include that of his previous wives and even on his children. Moreover, the symptoms that he manifested were useful in order for us to identify the disorder that he is into and so we knew that he has five of the necessary criteria to classify him in the Borderline type of Personality Disorders. On the hand, the use of free association method is valuable to recognize the underlying details behind Richard’s disorder. Finally, we learned how psychotherapy is necessary to treat his psychiatric condition, how support-system plays a vital role in achieving proper treatment goal and how hospitalization is necessary to facilitate structured environment for Richard. Thus, we learned how the living environment can truly impact a person’s psychological aspect, or should we say his integrity as a holistic being, throughout his lifetime.

Celebrities deserve privacy Essay

Celebrities are those people who are always under public attention. The media and fans are keeping an eye on their strange or outrageous antics. Such people influence the world because the youth look upon them. Most tabloids, magazines publish various articles about famous people, and lots of teenagers and even adults want to know everything. Journalists do not only share information about the known facts about the celebrity. They try to get lots of photos which would show the person not from the best side. They do this just to attract more readers. The private life of public figures becomes unprotected. It is no wonder that it is impossible to look perfect all the time, and paparazzi catch such moments by taking spontaneous photos. The media want to find out everything about the celebrities, and usually, they are not looking for something good. Scandals, affairs, illnesses, problems are those issues that create intrigue. Paparazzi invade privacy ludicrously and consider this to be a norm. However, celebrities are just ordinary people who deserve to have personal lives which are not recorded. They have secrets, and it is normal that they are not eager to share this with all the world. What is more, paparazzi start chasing children, friends, parents of famous people. It is significant to bear in mind that everyone should have privacy, and media should step back from invading personal lives. It is not that difficult to become a â€Å"celeb† these days thanks to various TV shows and the Internet. It seems that being famous is just about walking on the red carpet, taking beautiful photos, and attending parties. The spotlight looks deceptively great. However, everything changes when media start chasing others to get scandalous news. When a celebrity begins a new relationship, changes job, gets pregnant, or gets involved in any other personal situations, this all becomes known on the Internet pages. And it is not even the worst aspect. The biggest disadvantage is that lots of people adore criticising others. They share their opinions, write comments, although you have never asked them to discuss your private life. It is good if such comments are positive, but when they are focused on the negative side, it becomes annoying and embarrassing. Another negative side of invading the private life of celebrities is that they cannot simply go outside to have a cup of coffee. Photographers, fans, journalists are always waiting for the person from the closest corner. Famous people have to hide faces just to avoid such overwhelming attention. Sometimes even ordinary people need silence and solitude. However, these words may sound unreal for the celebs. People have to understand that being famous is just the same job as any other: teacher or doctor. Each profession requires privacy because we are all humans and should respect each other. The most dangerous aspect of the paparazzi is that their chases for a sharp photograph of the celebrity can turn into a fatal event. The world-known tragedy with Princess Diana happened in 1997. She was called â€Å"the most hunted person of the modern age,† because she was popular all around the globe. Princess Diana was followed by hundreds of journalists and photographers every day. Paparazzi did everything possible to find out where she was going or driving. They wanted to get a good shot, write a booming article in the magazine, and get lots of money. Photographers spent days and nights trying to find Diana and take a picture. However, these crazy chases happened too often. One day when Princess was followed by the speeding car with paparazzi, the vehicle where Diana sat, crashed and she died very quickly. After this situation, people started to despise such crazy attempts of photographs to find celebrities. Unless such obsessed chases stop, there will be more and more si milar fatal events. Each human deserves privacy because sometimes there are such events that people do not want to share with anyone. Thinking about the celebrities who suffer from serious illnesses and take hospital care abroad, it seems weird that paparazzi may follow such people just to take a photo of an ill man or woman. There are lots of situations when photographs post pictures with celebrities who feel bad, have an awful look because of medical treatment or surgery. It is more than clear that no human will ever have a desire to show such photos even to friends. What can be the person’s reaction when his pics are everywhere on the Internet? This may lead to stress, depression, other diseases. There is no excuse for those â€Å"photo-hunters† who neglect individual’s privacy at least when the person does not feel good. It is significant that the fans, as well as social media representatives, see clear limits between the public and private life. There is a lot of information which people want to find out about the famous personalities. For example, it is interesting to know how the celebrities achieved success, what their motivation and inspiration are. Journalists can ask such questions during the scheduled time for an interview. However, when it comes to personal life such as love, friendship, salary, these issues should be kept in confidentiality, unless the person wants to share this with everyone. Privacy intrusion is not ethical because it is intentional, and should be forbidden by law. People’s photos should be posted only with the permission. Otherwise, paparazzi must be fined. Sometimes when secret photographers post bad pictures and add scandalous articles, this may ruin private lives. In such situations, famous people have to sue the journalists who invaded their privacy. Having said that, some people say that bad fame is still fame. Because of the work of paparazzi, unknown people can become popular. However, it is still up to them to decide whether such sacrifice is justified. It means that if a public figure is against privacy intrusion, his or her desire should be protected by law. No matter which life a celebrity leads, no one can ever have a right to judge a person and spread gossips via the Internet. It is not that hard to make a photo and create a scandalous title which will make somebody notorious. However, it is hard to return good fame for a famous person after such gossips. Unfortunately, lots of readers are â€Å"blind,† and they believe everything they see. There is no guarantee that the photo has not undergone Photoshop Editing or the whole news is just a huge lie. People should be more critical when commenting on such posts which have relation to the celebrities’ personal lives. If humans appreciate one another as well as the personal space of each individual, there will be fewer conflicts and problems not only in the world of celebrities but everyday life of ordinary people.   

Health information exchange Essay

The Health information exchange or also known as HIE is the sending of healthcare-related data electronically to facilities, health information organizations and government agencies according to national standards. The goal is to be able to access and retrieve data more efficient, safer, and to improve the quality of care and patient safety and reduce healthcare costs. The Health Information Exchange has existed for over two decades. In the 1990s there were attempts to organize networks. It began in 2006 by Governor Sonny Perdue. The U.S. Department of Health & Human Services is responsible for setting the standards for national health information exchange. The Health information exchange was created so that health care providers could use it to improve health care. Health care professionals are able to access your information, such as in an emergency situation, this way they can make informed decisions about your emergency faster. Also, your files are stored safely just in case your area is hit by national disaster. There are several benefits of the system. It helps to assist patients from receiving prescription medications to which they may be allergic. The HIE helps reduce medical errors. Health care providers are able to give you the care you need and it won’t interact with your other treatments. Because health care providers can see what tests you have had and the results, they don’t always have to repeat them. When your health information is shared electronically, information about access to your record is stored electronically. This helps to know who accesses your information, when, what and why. This helps the medical staff to check your records faster. Having faster access to your records helps healthcare providers find the information needed to diagnose health problems earlier, which gives them a more complete picture of your overall health. This leaves less room for error, more time with the patient. Not only are there the good benefits of the HIE, but there are the risks that come with it. Let’s start one a well-known problem, Identity theft. More people are also able to break into records and steal information, for example hackers. There are more known errors to occur. If your health care  provider does not enter the correct information, the information remains in the health record until it is corrected. Then there are also the concerns of privacy issues. This is when HIPPA comes into effect. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) regulates the privacy of health information exchange. The HIPPA reduces health care fraud and abuse. It protects the privacy of all individual’s health information. The HIE has privacy and security concerns. There is a privacy rule that all employees and health care providers should abide by. If you see a medical record in view where patients or others can see it, cover the file, or turn it over. When speaking about patients, try to prevent others from overhearing the conversation. Conversations about patients should be held in a private area. Do not discuss patients while you are in public areas. When medical records are not in use, they should be put away. Never remove the patient’s official medical record from your office. You should not leave records out where your family members or others may see it. If an y copies are made and not used they should be shredded. Privacy policies can be particularly hard for an HIE to deal with .There are efforts such as the government’s Connect project that provide guidelines for securing HIEs. Privacy laws vary from state to state giving complications for cross-state HIEs. The HITECH Act, part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, has increased the penalties healthcare providers face if their systems are breached. There is a HIPAA privacy rule that provides federal floor of protection. One of the main challenges that HIE face is getting data to doctors and other clinicians. It is normally delivered directly to a providers’ EMR system, however with limited EMR use across the country, HIEs have had to provide alternative delivery methods. If an EMR isn’t compatible or if doctors don’t have systems, they can use a Web portal to see data. The problem with portals is that they force doctors to take an extra step to view data. Due to this doctors often end up using the HIE less as a result, and some provider groups decide the exchange isn’t worth the investment if their clinicians aren’t using it. With all the concerns about HIE, there are still more pros then cons. It benefits healthcare providers by reducing their operational costs. The system supports the retrieval of and access to clinical data. HIEs can improve payers’ ability to manage outcomes and reduce medical costs and increases accuracy of the information. www.himss.org/hieforums/ www.health.ny.gov/†¦health_information†¦/health_information_exch www.informationweek.com/healthcare/†¦/health-information-exchan www.myphr.com/healthliteracy/health_information_exchange.aspx www.himss.org/Asp/topics_News_item.asp?cid=67543&tid=33

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 57

Assignment Example Choosing the above vehicle was motivated by several psychological impacts that the vehicle portrays. As buying behaviors under consumer psychology illustrate, a stylish brand that offers performance and comfort has a powerful psychological appeal to the consumer (Kardes, Cronley and Thomas, 37). Such a powerful appeal portrayed the vehicle as the right brand that offers value for money, performance and status in the market. A unique brand has to have performance, style and fashion. Personally, one lesson that had been learned was that any brand of vehicle purchased has to offer the best possible mix of the three attributes at the best cost possible. The vehicle portrayed self-confidence, adaptability and authority, necessary attributes in defining the utility function and satisfaction level of a consumer (Kardes, Cronley and Thomas, 201). As a role model in the society, there is a need to stand out from the rest in choosing the vehicle to use. Some family members owned the vehicle model and recommended it as one of the best performers compared to its range of vehicles. In addition, considering my job, having a vehicle with a stylish structure compared to the rest wields significant social power; the vehicle fits perfectly in my social class. The vehicle fits perfectly in the class and cultural needs of the middle class customers. Marketers segment the market into small units and offer products according to the needs of such segmented market (Kardes, Cronley and Thomas, 37). As such, marketers have realized that, in middle class, people look for class and style while still considering the overall cost of the vehicle. As such, Lexus RX fits directly into the social class and the market needs in this segment due to its versatility. The buying habits have changed considerably with time. Over the time, most appealing product has been the leading brands in the

Applying concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applying concepts - Essay Example To address this question, managerial economic concepts and socio-political tools need to be taken into consideration. From the video Can the U.S. Maximize the Benefits of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment? It is evident that Chinese companies operation in United States has proved to be economically beneficial to the locals and the national economic performance at large. The firms like offer employment opportunities to the United States citizens and this has helped reduce unemployment rate with significant boost in overall national income level (Moran,2013). Comparative wage rate between China and United States indicates significant gap with the later having higher rate and more skilled personnel. It is therefore economically feasible to the United States allow Chinese firms operate locally and offer minimum wage rate. This reflects outsourcing of jobs that has seen states like South Carolina boast higher employment level. It is also important to note that United States do not experience exploitation as most of the Chinese firms outsource other factor input from other countries with value creation a ctivity as the central activity in United States. The socio-political framework of the United States is strongly hinged on American way of doing things including workplace practices and that has placed them at vantage point. Take the case of Haier which was compelled to hire an American executive manager in an effort to effect America-style human resource practices. This means that united States have substantial participation in the Chinese foreign direct investment entities hence increased gain to the local economy. United States firms have a competitive edge against other multinationals of foreign origin and for China to penetrate and establish its production plants, there is increased level of productivity and revival of dead industries. The case study of Top-Eastern Group which specializes in making drill bits gives a picture of gains made so far by

Cocaine Epidemic in the USA in 1980s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Cocaine Epidemic in the USA in 1980s - Essay Example The middle of the 1990s can be considered as the late phase of the epidemic. Since 1991 the number of people who use cocaine very often (at least every day) remains stable and amounts to 640  000 people. Approximately 16% of people who used cocaine lost control and dependency occurred. That happened under the influence of many factors. Two important factors are the availability and the cost of the drug. Till 1980s cocaine hydrochloride used for intranasal and intravenous injection was the only available form of cocaine. Moreover, it was very expensive. Then cheaper alkaloids of cocaine, which could be used by means of inhalation, appeared. Moreover, they were available in many big cities just for $2-5 for dose. Due to this fact, cocaine became available even for children and teenagers. In general, men used drugs more often than women and for cocaine, this correlation amounts to 2:1. However, the use of cheap alkaloids of cocaine was very widespread among young women and reaches the level that is characteristic for men. Due to this fact, the popularity of the use of cocaine among pregnant women was high. The third very important factor that influenced people was the fashion. It was fashionable and prestigious to use cocaine, it was very popular among rich and people blindly followed the stereotypes. Young people and teenagers were the most vulnerable. They were sure that in order to be considered â€Å"cool†, it is necessary to start using cocaine. Certainly, such stereotypes had many awful consequences (Demarest). The cocaine epidemic was depicted in many movies. Some of them were even forbidden due to the active propaganda of cocaine use. The movie â€Å"Blow† (2001) tells us the real story of a man who decided to become one of the first distributors of cocaine in the United States. He made many famous and rich people dependent on cocaine, his sharpness allowed him to avoid any conflicts with police. But everything comes to the end at last. The movie â€Å"Scarface† tells spectators about the history of cocaine use in the USA when it was brought by criminals from Cube.  

Effect of Social Network Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of Social Network - Research Paper Example ..† (Ebesco host, n.d). This has undoubtedly had many effects on the user individually, and it has affected their general ways of thinking because of individuals having access to others opinions. The impacts of social media cannot be simply classified as good or bad, as it is a subject that elicits several different opinions from different groups and each school of thought s based on different circumstances. One of the effects of social network that has had a very widely felt and influential impact is the empowering of its users with information. In addition, a forum to air their views in circumstances where, the same would not have been previously possible. The revolutions that took place in Egypt and Liberia in the last year can trace a lot of their motivation on social network sites like face book. The people in these countries had been oppressed but could not do anything about it since the governments controlled most of the media and kept it censored. However, the citizens could share all the information they wanted and messages encouraging revolution and resistance as well as records of governments injustices were put on facebook and significantly facilitated the revolutions. From this, we can see social media being used to bring political revolutions and hence have a picture of what a powerful tool it is. Social networking is also said to be addictive, and teens often get addicted to and cannot spend a few hours without getting online to chat with friends. Bearing in mind that the physiological and psychological effects on these networks can be severe, and addiction to social networks can pose a serious problem. This is because it has been proved that,â€Å"†¦ overuse of media and technology has a negative effect on the health of all children, preteens and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( American Psychological Association, 2011). Sexual offenders have also used facebo ok as a platform on which to lure and entice their victims through fake but attractive identities. Many youths who go social networking to make friends or date have been taken advantage of when they form relationships with some of these offenders who should they meet in person, assault or even kill them. Social networks are susceptible to malicious people considering that,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦there are more than 600,000 Registered Sex Offenders in United States and about 150,000 of them have been lost in the system† (Williams & Lebrun, 2009 p.105). These statistics posted on facebook by loud security systems help users to appreciate the immense danger posed by social networks in the hands of the wrong people. The amount of time spent on social networks can also negatively affect ones school grades. This is because many students are online when they should be studying and often they use their smart phones in class to social network. This often translates into poor concentration in cla ss and the same can be transferred to the workplace when they will be employed. They may end up wasting many hours online when they should be working. On the other hand, social networks play a prominent role in helping people to socialize, especially teenagers, as the assumption that, social networks make people anti social, does not always holds true. This is because shy children can be able to meet and make new friends online which is extremely beneficial for their

Sports Arbitration Cases and their Practical Compliance with the Code Essay

Sports Arbitration Cases and their Practical Compliance with the Code of Ethics for Arbitrators in Commercial Disputes - Essay Example One prominent and lingering case was of the Major League Baseball's (MLB) and the Major League Umpires Association in 1999 arbitrated by Alan Symonette, chosen by both parties. The case, filed in 1999 with actual hearing from December 13 to August 29, 2000 took months for the working out of legal papers as Symonette wrote his 100-page decision. Both parties expressed positive and negative reactions with Symonette's decision showing impartiality on his part and adherence to the canons of the code with Canon I explicitly stating "An Arbitrator should uphold the integrity and fairness of the arbitration process." Symonette proved his responsibility to both the MLB and the umpires by having their needs and disputes meet halfway as nine umpires were hired back inclusive of back pays while the 13 other umpires who were dismissed remained as they were. Under Canon I, section F stating "An arbitrator should conduct the arbitration process so as to advance the fair and efficient resolution of the matters submitted for decision. An arbitrator should make all reasonable efforts to prevent delaying tactics, harassment of parties or other participants, or other abuse or disruption of the arbitration process," as well as Canon IV's "An Arbitrator Should Conduct the Proceedings Fairly and Diligently" under section E, "When the Arbitrator determines that more information than has been presented by the parties is required to decide the case, it is not improper for the arbitrator to ask questions, call witnesses, and request documents or other evidence, including expert testimony," Symonette have shown careful deliberation despite the lingering of the case (AP, 2005). NBA Teams vs. Player/s Another example of an National Basketball Association (NBA) arbitration case is that of Nate Huffman and the Toronto Raptors arbitrated by Roger Kaplan jointly approved by both parties. The case involving the termination of a three-year contract of Huffman after only six months had the team contend that Huffman did not fully disclose his medical history of his knee problems prior to signing the contract. Kaplan ruled out that Raptors have to pay the remaining $2.56 million on Huffman's terminated contract. With an implication that Huffman did inform the management about his knee problems, Kaplan have shown careful deliberation and adherence to Canon I's section E provision that "When an arbitrator's authority is derived from the agreement of the parties, an arbitrator should neither exceed that authority nor do less than than is required to exercise that authority completely. Where the agreement of the parties sets forth procedures to be followed in conducting the arbitration or refe rs to rules to be followed, it is the obligation of the arbitrator to comply with such procedures or rules. An arbitrator has no ethical obligation to comply with any agreement, procedures or rules that are unlawful or that, in the arbitrator's judgment would be inconsistent with this Code." By referring to the contract signed by the Toronto Raptors and Huffman, Kaplan complied with the agreement of the parties in conducting the arbitration process. The Raptors showed unclear message by claiming Huffman did not f

End of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

End of Life - Essay Example On the contrary, the scope of end-of-life care essentially aims to define guidelines for caring for patients whose death is expected or anticipated rather than working towards enhancing their life expectancy (Grinyer, 2011). The emergence of ethical dilemmas in end-of-life care are essentially rooted in handling sensitive issues and challenges which surface when executing significant decisions regarding an individual’s life. Thorns (2010) highlights that ethical considerations in the implementation of the process focus upon understanding the patient’s state so as to choose whether to continue with the treatment procedures or discontinue their provision. Moreover, under such circumstances where an individual likely does not possess the required psychological understanding to make correct decisions, concerned attendants and doctors are faced with either challenging the patients’ independence or agreeing with their choices thereby, granting them the right to possess complete control of their position and circumstances (Thorns, 2010). The emergence of ethical considerations in end-of-life care however, is not limited to the aforementioned assertions henceforth, this issue remains highly debated in scholarly circles; this paper applies three prominent ethical perspectives to critically evaluate and examine the concept from an ethical viewpoint. The utilitarian perspective explores theoretical issues from a multifaceted lens with reference to the concepts of end-of-life care and the role of doctors in the recognizing the independence and autonomy of patients with reference making their life decisions. As stated by Singer (2003) the nature of utilitarianism as a branch of consequentialism implies that the value of ethics in terms of each action or behavior is expected to be judged on an individual basis. In terms of examining the implications of adhering to utilitarianism the implications of the decision can be judged in a

Impact of Menopause on Women Sexual Function Research Paper

Impact of Menopause on Women Sexual Function - Research Paper Example Thus, the menopause topic is timely because the impact the changes have on the life of the woman are challenging and thus worth addressing. In this regard, this paper will evaluate the impact of menopause on women sexual function. The evaluation will be achieved by reviewing five articles with studies conducted about the menopausal effects on sexuality. The review will involve comparing the approaches and methods the researchers use to arrive at their conclusions regarding the menopausal impacts. Key words: Menopause, women, Impact, function, and sex Impact of Menopause on Women Sexual function Different scholars have varying perspectives of approaching the topic on menopausal effects on women sexuality but the overall point that brings them together is that it results into sexuality dysfunction. Menopause changes the life of a woman through altering her biological social aspects (Mattar, Chong, Su, Agarwal, Wong, & Choolani, 2008). The authors continue to point out that it is a time when a woman begins to know the value and function of sexuality. This is because sexuality is important for her health as well as well-being. Menopause according to Mattar et al. (2008) interferes with hormones responsible for sexual response and thus become dysfunctional. The impact of the dysfunction is challenging, devastating, and can result into severe medical issues. In support of Mattar et al. (2008), leventhal (2000) reveals that menopause can reduce libido in women, orgasm as well as reducing coitus frequency. He continues to point out that these impacts result from physiological transformations because of menopause although Levenathal (2000) also adds that depression as well as marital discord could also cause the problems. The author claims that women undergoing menopausal changes experience difficulties in their sexuality, especially if they experience depression or discord. Thus the effects worsen because other hormones are affected and influence the negative effects o r rather ameliorate the transformations. To be more concise, Leventhal (2000) adds that the changes that occur are mediated by estrogen. Orgasm is the most affected sexuality in these women because they experience delays in secretions. This is in agreement with Matter et al. (2008) that inability to reach organism becomes a major challenge in menopausal women. On the impacts, Mattar et al. (2008) argue that the sexual dysfunction can lead to diminished sex drive, inability to arouse, orgasm issues, and pain when performing sex. The authors argue that the condition is complex and is hard to treat. Similarly, Dennerstein, Koochaki, Barton, and Graziottin (2006) survey reveals the challenging impact of menopause on the women’s sexual function. The authors reveal that menopausal women have challenging issues with their sexuality, especially reduced desire for sex. Additionally, the women have complications during sex such as inability for secretion thereby making orgasm a nightma re. According to Dennerstein et al. (2006), the menopausal women develop a Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). The HSDD is common in almost all the menopausal women because the root cause is similar. The finding is similar to that of Mattar et al. (2008) and reveals that menopause impacts on women sexuality severely. The sexuality of older women is full of sexual challenges although some women have problems admitting it (Orner, 2005). The women experience some sexual urge although reduced in comparison to their youthful years but

The Relationship Between Alexander and the Great General Hephaestion Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Alexander and the Great General Hephaestion Essay Alexander III of Macedon, or better known as Alexander the Great was king of Macedon, a state in northern Ancient Greece. He was born in Pella in 356 B. C. and was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history’s most successful commanders. Alexander was an outgoing charismatic man, who had many friends, but his dearest and closest friend and confidant was Hephaestion. Hephaestion, son of Amyntor, was a Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of Alexander the Great. He was born in Macedonia in 356 B. C. He was a member of Alexander the Great’s personal bodyguard, which then he went on to command the Companion cavalry, and was entrusted with many other tasks through Alexander’s ten-year campaign in Asia. Apart from being a soldier, engineer and diplomat, he corresponded with the philosophers Aristotle and Xenocrates, and supported Alexander in his attempts to integrate Greeks and Persians. Their relationship lasted through Alexander’s becoming of king, through the hardships of campaigning and the flatteries of court life, and their marriages. In all that Alexander undertook, Hephaestion was at his side making their friendship a working partnership. They worked well together making Alexander trust him and rely on him. When Alexander had to divide his forces he trusted Hephaestion with half of his men knowing that in him he had a man of unquestionable loyalty, who understood and sympathised with his aims, and above all, who got the job done. Hephaestion played a full part in Alexander’s regular consultations with senior officers, but he was also the one whom Alexander would talk to in private, sharing his thoughts, hopes and plans. Curtius states that Hephaestion was the sharer of all his secrets. At Alexander’s first wedding Hephaestion was the torch bearer (best man). This showed not only their friendship but also Hephaestion’s support for Alexander’s policies, as Alexander’s choice of an Asian bride had not been a popular one. When they returned to Persia Hephaestion was officially titled Alexander’s second in command. Hammond sums up their public relationship well: â€Å"It is not surprising that Alexander was as closely attached to Hephaestion as Achilles was to Patroclus†, and â€Å"At the time of his death Hephaestion held the highest single command, that of the Companion Cavalry; and had been repeatedly second in command to Alexander in the hierarchy of the Asian court, holding the title of Chiliarch, which had been held by Nabarzans under Darius. Thus Alexander honoured Hephaestion both as the closest of his friends and the most distinguished of his Field Marshals. It has been said that as well as being close friends Alexander and Hephaestion were also lovers. It cannot be proved that they were lovers as none of the ancient sources states this in so many words. However, Arrian describes the occasion when Alexander and Hephaestion publicly identified themselves with Achilles and Patroclus, who were acknowledged, by Plato and Aeschylus among others, to have been lovers. It happened at t he begging of the campaign in Asia when Alexander led a contingent of the army to visit Troy. He laid a wreath on the tomb of Achilles, and Hephaestion laid a wreath on the tomb of Patroclus, and they ran a race, naked, to honour their dead heroes. Robin Lane Fox, writing in 1973, says: â€Å"It was a remarkable tribute, uniquely paid, and it is also Hephaestion’s first mention in Alexander’s career. Already the two were intimate, Patroclus and Achilles even to those around them; the comparison would remain to the end of their days and is proof of their life as lovers, for by Alexander’s time, Achilles and Patroclus were agreed to have enjoyed the relationship which Homer had never directly mentioned. Nothing shows better the nature and length of their relationship than Alexander’s overwhelming grief at Hephaestion’s death. As Andrew Chugg says, â€Å"†¦ it is surely incredible that Alexander’s reaction to Hephaestion’s death could indicate anything other than the closest relationship imaginable. † Arrian says that Alexander â€Å"†¦ flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day long in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force of his companions. Arrian also said that Alexander, after Hephaestion’s death, described him as â€Å"†¦ the friend I valued as my own life. † In conclusion Alexander and Hephaestion’s relationship was extremely close. They may or may not have been lovers but the friendship they shared was one of a kind. Their tutor, Aristotle, described such a friendship as â€Å"†¦ one soul abiding in two bodies†. Paul Cartledge describes their closeness when he says: â€Å"Alexander seems actually to have referred to Hephaestion as his alter ego. † They truly were soul mates and had one of the strongest relationships in history.

Human skin color Essay Example for Free

Human skin color Essay â€Å"Virtue, then, is a state that decides, consisting in a mean, the mean relative to us, which is defined by reference to reason, that is to say, to the reason by reference to which the prudent person would define it. It is a mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency† Aristotle’s definition of Virtue of Character but what is it really saying. Let us define it with the Socratic Definition per genus et differentia. Let us break it into the three parts genus, species and the differentiating factor (differentia). The genus or general topic would be virtue of character, the species or the specific area of virtue of character would be the mean between the two vices excess and deficiency, lastly is the differentiating factor or what makes the species different from other forms of it which would be the situation and how individual people can reason out different outcomes from what is required from them. Virtue is an activity of the human soul and has two parts virtue of character and virtue of intellect. Virtue of intellect is wisdom and knowledge an example would be studying at school. Virtue of character is learned by action and practice an example would be learning that cheating on tests is bad and knowing not to attempt it. Reasoning out where we stand in a particular situation is not related to knowledge or studying but rather repeated application of acts so Aristotle’s is stating acts of character not of intellect. Nothing can be to good, have to little and you have deficiency have too much and it’s excess. The mean is the middle ground between too much and too little. This mean varies on person to person. An example would be too much sun. Take a 2 people one with a fair skin tone and one with a dark skin tone. The mean amount of sun for the dark skin tone would be excess to the fair skinned person and possibly give them sunburn. Give the dark toned person the mean amount of sun required by the fair toned person and you have deficiency and could led to lack of vitamin E. But it’s up to the individual to regulate between the two through trial and error.

Challenges in Caring for Dementia Patients

Challenges in Caring for Dementia Patients INTRODUCTION Dementia consists of a lot of symptoms that include lowering ability to do routine or familiar tasks, impairment of the memory, reasoning and judgment, behavior and mood changes. However, treatments are not yet available for the progressive, irreversible, dementias in which nerve cells in the brain become sick and eventually die. People experiencing dementia have been entitled the right to enjoy the highest possible quality of care and quality of life by engaging in meaningful relationships which are based on trust, respect, sharing, understanding, dignity and. TASKS These are the principles involving the person-centered approach on older people with dementia and other common geriatric health problems with respect to the following: Individuality Each and everyone are unique and do have different moral stance, ideologies, philosophies, social outlook, and even likes and dislikes in life. Approaching an individual that has dementia through a person centered type; one must acknowledge the person’s history, interests and hobbies and respect the person’s whole uniqueness. Emphasize the moral worth of people with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. Rights Every person is empowered and entitled to human rights. It is important to protect people with dementia against people who might want to harm them. Knowing the rights of the person and respecting them allows the person with dementia maintain their dignity. Choice Regardless of the level of physical or physical impairment people with dementia, families and friends are supported and encouraged in partaking in the decision making and care at the way they choose. This includes the respecting their choices that are dealt in simple things they do every day. Privacy Every individual has the right to hold information about them from being exposed. The person has the control if they allow others to gain information or details about themselves. Privacy of the person should be respected and not to be spread for his honor and reputation. Independence Encouraging people with dementia to participate as much as possible on the physical activities on a daily basis. Maintaining the strength and flexibility on the person with dementia will promote independence. One activity that can help maintain the person’s strength and flexibility is physiotherapy. Dignity and Respect – Just like any other individual, people that have dementia or any other common geriatric health conditions are people first. Their choices and perspectives are to be honored and heed. They have an inherent value and dignity which must remain with them throughout the whole course of the disease and should be respected at all times. It is appropriate to include in the planning and delivery of care their families, their beliefs, spiritual backgrounds and values of people with dementia. Autonomy – Person with dementia or any other common geriatric medical condition should have the opportunity to create informed decisions about the treatments and care that are provided, and in collaboration with their healthcare professionals. Review of the non-person-centered approach to dementia and other common geriatric health condition’s care, from the: Institution perspective There are various implemented activities are created together in a single rational plan purposely to meet the official objectives and goals of the institution. There are many aspects that this perspective encompasses to sustain the well being and health of the person with dementia; such as their physical and social environment. Bio-medical perspective This mainly focuses on diagnosing and treating the person with dementia. It concentrates on the person’s behavior and symptoms and finds ways to lessen these through drug studies and treatments. Biomedical perspective means that the cause of symptoms and behaviors is assumed to be the individual involved. A biomedical understanding of dementia is necessary in guaranteeing the person has a correct diagno sis, to provide treatment and support from memory clinics and to gain the latest and most proper medical treatments. Range of techniques used to meet the wavering abilities and the needs of individuals with dementia and other common geriatric medical conditions to maintain their health and well being: Reality-oriented approach Reality orientation is a therapy that lessens the feeling of memory loss, confusion and mental disorientation and also better the self-esteem of the person with dementia. This involves displaying of information such as current dates, events, location, and names of people. And thus reinforced by orientation cues such as sign posts, photos, color coded doors, weather boards and labels on cupboards. Validation approach Validation approach is a therapy that places emphasis on the probable thoughts and feelings behind the behavior of the person, and rather than forcing the person to be in our reality, it propose that we are to join with the reality of that person. Validation therapy may suggest that we ask her questions about the family of the person with dementia, such as what the person misses most about his family and what is his favorite family get together. With this therapy, the response to a scenario may pertain not castigating the person and accepting the concerns of the person with dementia, but also communicating about their issues and bit by bit steering the conversation in a different direction. This will help them acknowledge the meaning of their feelings and thoughts and that it would reduce their distress. Assistive technologies Assistive technology would refer to any system or device that provides the person with dementia to carry out a task that they find difficult and unable to do, or maximise comfort and will provide safety with any activity can do. These devices will help people who have medical conditions with: eyesight, hearing, speaking, moving around memory and thought processing activities of daily livingactivities Assistive technology can promoteautonomy and independence, both for the person with dementia and those around them and will help manage potential risks in and around the home, facilitates the memory and will help improve their quality of life even with dementia or any other common geriatric medical condition. Reminiscence techniques This technique involves re-experiencing and recalling the persons events especially that matter in his lives. This technique uses talking about the things from his past using familiar objects, sounds and photos. This technique respects the life of the individual’s character and life story to improve in depression, loneliness and further the individual’s psychological wellness. Holistic approach Holistic approach takes into account the specific needs of each individual, may it be physical, emotional, and social aspect of the person with dementia. Properly eliminating the potential problems surrounding the individual such as lighting, noise clutter and tweaks can minimize anxiety and agitation of a person with dementia. The care plans in holistic type of approach is looking at specific need of the person with dementia, the individual should be involved in the design of the services, tailored according to their needs and meeting their aspirations in order to guarantee that the health care facilities will be able to provide the proper care to give to the person with dementia. Responsive and flexible approach Responsive and flexible approach can be used to help handle individuals in many of the behavioral conditions that are involving dementia, such as aggression, delusional thinking, and depression. It is acknowledging the independence of the person and focus on what suits the individual. It is more on matching the activity to the individual and lessens the emphasis on the completion of person care tasks at particular time rather than coercing them. The impacts of equality, and cultural and diversity issues on the provision of the person-centered approach to individuals with dementia and other common geriatric conditions within the: Public health and promotion There are heaps of organisations that promote health and provide support people with dementia. And organisations such as the World Health Organisation collaborates with government bodies around the world in order raise global awareness about people who are experiencing dementia and the support they need. Organisations such as The Health Foundation, made it a priority in advocating for action on proper treatment, intervention, and care for the individuals. These organisations aid in dissemination of these information about the people with dementia and the demand of care that these individual needs will better the services in health care facilities. Attitudes to health and demand for healthcare The increase of demand of health care and the outsourcing of health care professionals from other countries is due to the ageing population of the country. The ageing population increases the demand of health care professionals in rest homes, hospitals, nursing homes and other health care facilities The impacts that health sector standard and codes of practice and other published standards have on the person-centered practice approach for individuals with dementia and other common geriatric health conditions. The person centered type of approach concentrates on individuals rather than on the health condition. A person-centered type of approach to dementia and other common geriatric health problems acknowledges each individual are unique and have different values, personal history and behavior and that each individual has an equal right to be treated with respect, right to dignity, and the right to fully participate in their environment. Understanding and respecting the person with dementia will help the health care sectors provide a very effective and efficient health care service. RECOMMENDATION Person – centered type of approach in the health care sectors towards people with dementia or any other common geriatric health conditions will provide an efficient and effective health and social facilities, in which it involves understanding and respecting these individuals. Demonstrating sensitivity, seeking to engage with them through their aspirations and values, and understanding their spiritual, social and cultural background will provide a great help in improving the services in the health sectors. Maintaining and monitoring regularly these health care practices must be observed in order to provide the appropriate amount of care to give in the health care facilities. CONCLUSION Believing that providing support to people with dementia and experiencing these hurdles in life is an important part of being a health care professional. Understanding these individuals and respecting their social backgrounds, rights, privacy, uniqueness, dignity, independence and their value as a human being is a very important aspect in providing care towards people with dementia or even people with any other common medical conditions. I believed health care facilities specializing people with dementia will dramatically improve the health care services through applying the person centered type of approach towards their clients. BIBLIOGRAPHY Electronic Sources AlzheimerSociety. Guideline for care: Person centred care of people with dementia living incare homes. Retrieved on 08 August 2014 from http://www.alzheimer.ca/en/About-dementia/For-health-care-professionals/~/media/Files/national/Culture-change/culture_change_framework_e.ashx LeadingAge. Building a Person Centered Culture for Dementia Care. Retrieved on 08 August 2014 from http://www.leadingage.org/Building_a_Person-Centered_Culture_for_Dementia_Care_V3N5.aspx The Dementia Services Development Centre. An Educational Resource to Support Early Interventions for People receiving a Diagnosis of Dementia. Retrieved on 08 August 2014 from http://www.nes.scot.nhs.uk/media/351619/early_interventions_dementia_education_resource.pdf Julian Hughes. Models of Dementia Care: Person – Centered, Palliative and Supportive. Retrieved on 08 August 2014 from http://www.fightdementia.org.au/common/files/NAT/Paper_35_web_v2.pdf Alzheimer’s Association. Respect for Autonomy. Retrieved on 08 August 2014 from http://www.alz.org/documents_custom/statements/respect_for_autonomy.pdf Alzheimer Scotland. Dementia: autonomy and decision – making Putting into practice. Retrieved on 08 August 2014 from http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/Dementia_autonomy%20_decision-making.pdf Alzheimer’s/Dementia. What Is Person – Centered Care in Dementia?. Retrieved on 08 August 2014 from http://alzheimers.about.com/od/caregiving/fl/What-Is-Person-Centered-Care-in-Dementia.htm Alzheimer’s Society. Understanding and respecting the person with dementia. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=84 Alzheimer’s Association. Personal care: Assisting a person in the middle or late stage of dementia with daily needs. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from https://www.alz.org/national/documents/brochure_personalcare.pdf NHS choices. How is dementia treated?. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/dementia-guide/Pages/dementia-treatment.aspx Keep In Mind. Holistic Dementia Care Solutions. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from http://keepinmindinc.com/holistic-dementia-solutions/ StudyMode. Promote Person – Centred Approaches in Health and Social Care. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Promote-Person-Centred-Approaches-In-Health-And-1577167.html National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg42/chapter/person-centred-care Alzheimer’s Association. Assistive Technology. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from http://www.alz.org/library/downloads/search_assistivetechnology.pdf Inclusive Solution. SEN Draft Code of Practice 2014 – Person – Centred Planning. Retrieved on 09 August 2014 from http://inclusive-solutions.com/sen-draft-code-of-practice-2014-person-centred-planning/

Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

The Great Depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. The economic depression that beset many countries in the 1930s was unique in its magnitude and its consequences. â€Å"At the depth of the depression, in 1933, one American worker in every four was out of a job. In other countries unemployment ranged between 15 percent and 25 percent of the labor force.† The great industrial slump continued throughout the 1930s, shaking the foundations of Western capitalism â€Å"an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods, characterized by a free competitive market and motivation by profit† and the society based upon it. Despite the seeming business prosperity of the 1920s, there were serious economic weak spots, a chief one being a depression in the agricultural sector. Also depressed were such industries as coal mining, railroads, and textiles. By 1928 the construction boom was over. The spectacular rise in prices on the stock market from 1924 to 1929 bore little relation to actual economic conditions. In fact, the boom in the stock market and in real estate, along with the expansion in credit (created, in part, by low-paid workers buying on credit) and high profits for a few industries, concealed basic problems. Thus the U. S. stock market crash that occurred in October 1929, with huge losses, was not the fundamental cause of the Great Depression, there was the trade barriers along with the unevenly distributed income w... Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers The Great Depression began in late 1929 and lasted for about a decade. The economic depression that beset many countries in the 1930s was unique in its magnitude and its consequences. â€Å"At the depth of the depression, in 1933, one American worker in every four was out of a job. In other countries unemployment ranged between 15 percent and 25 percent of the labor force.† The great industrial slump continued throughout the 1930s, shaking the foundations of Western capitalism â€Å"an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods, characterized by a free competitive market and motivation by profit† and the society based upon it. Despite the seeming business prosperity of the 1920s, there were serious economic weak spots, a chief one being a depression in the agricultural sector. Also depressed were such industries as coal mining, railroads, and textiles. By 1928 the construction boom was over. The spectacular rise in prices on the stock market from 1924 to 1929 bore little relation to actual economic conditions. In fact, the boom in the stock market and in real estate, along with the expansion in credit (created, in part, by low-paid workers buying on credit) and high profits for a few industries, concealed basic problems. Thus the U. S. stock market crash that occurred in October 1929, with huge losses, was not the fundamental cause of the Great Depression, there was the trade barriers along with the unevenly distributed income w...

Containment Of Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

The Cold War is the closest the world has ever come to complete destruction. In this period of time, two world super powers were in a stalemate economically and militarily and were constantly competing to be the superior. The Cold War started as result of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union had some differences on their perspectives of the world. United States being the richest country in the world promoted democracy and capitalism in the world. The newly formed Soviet Union thought that communism was a better political system because it transformed their economy and status in the world from nothing but a declining empire to a super power once again. The Cold War was a long series of events in which the communist tried to spread their ideas of government and socialist economy, known as expansionism, and the United States and some of the other Western powers such as Great Britain tried to contain it. Containment, a term introduced by George F. Kennan, was the foreign policy the United States practiced from 1946 to 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. The United States saw the Soviet Union to be a direct threat to the free world. During president Truman and Eisenhower’s administration the policy of containment evolved so drastically that American presidents would put anything on the line, including world peace. It started with the Truman Doctrine (1947) that stated the United States would help any country financially and militarily that was interested in keeping the world free for democracy. The Truman Doctrine came about as direct result of communist guerillas in Greece trying to take over the government. American advisers believed that the guerillas were taking orders from the Soviets after they launched a civil war against the government. The United States decided to assist the standing government in Greece because they believed it would have a large impact on Europe and most importantly Turkey that was having its own problems with communism and was strategically located next to large oil reserves of Iran. Congress approved $300 million to aid Greece and $100 million in food and military expenses to aid Turkey. The second large step in containment was the Marshall Plan. Proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall, it would provide economic relief to rebuilding Western European nations such as Great Britain, France, Belgium and even... ...ed to nationalize the Suez Canal through which three fourths of all European oil is passed. After several months of negotiations Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt and retook the canal. United Nations condemned their actions and forced them to give up the canal to Egypt once again. As a result of the Eisenhower convinced Congress to approve the Eisenhower Doctrine that would â€Å"assist any nation in the region that required aid against aggression from any nation controlled by International Communism.† The Eisenhower administration was very careful not to alienate any Middle Eastern countries that could provide the country with a steady supply of oil and this affected his foreign policy and the policy of containment. During the Truman and Eisenhower administration a policy of containment served to save the free world from communism. But at times these two administrations put world peace on the line to prove its superiority as a nation. One cannot judge these events to being wrong or right because values of a nation and people change with time, we can just learn from these events and know that the next time United States has a contest of superiority it could cost us the world.

Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907) :: essays research papers

Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907) William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) was born June 26, 1824 in Belfast, Ireland, and was part of a large family whose mother died when he was six. His father taught Kelvin and his brothers mathematics to a level beyond that of university courses of the time. Kelvin was somewhat of a genius, and had his first papers published in 1840. These papers contained an argument defending the work of Fourier (Fourier transforms), which at the time was being heavily criticized by British scientists. He proved Fourier’s theories to be right. In 1839 Kelvin wrote an essay which he called " An Essay on the Figure of the Earth." He used this essay as a source and inspiration for ideas all his life and won an award from the University of Glasgow in Scotland. Kelvin remained at the University for the rest of his working life. Kelvin first defined the absolute temperature scale in 1847, which was later named after him. In 1851 he published the paper, "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat", and in the same year was elected to the Royal Society. This work contained his ideas and version of the second law of thermodynamics as well as James Joule’s idea of the mechanical equivalent of heat. This idea claimed that heat and motion were combined, which now is taken as second nature. At the time, heat was thought to have been a fluid of some kind. Kelvin also maintained an interest in the age of the sun and calculated values for it. He assumed that the sun produced its radiant energy from the gravitational potential of matter falling into the sun. In collaboration with Hermann von Helmholtz, he calculated and published in 1853 a value of 50 million years. He also had an interest in the age of the earth, and he calculated that the earth was a maximum of 400 million years old. These calculations were based on the rate of cooling of a globe of matter after first solidification occurs ( such as the beginning of the earth). He also calculated that molecular motion stops at -273 degrees Celsius. He called this temperature absolute zero. Kelvin started work in 1854 on the project of laying transatlantic cables. His idea was that electrical current flow was similar to that of heat flow, and by applying ideas on heat flow, helped in the problem of transmitting electrical signals over long distances. In 1866, Kelvin succeeded in laying the first successful transatlantic cable. Kelvin invented the mirror galvanometer which he patented in 1858 as a long

Modernism and the Visual Arts Essay

Originally titled as Le Bain, means the bath; Luncheon on the Grass was exhibited at the Salon de Refuses in 1863. It is painted with oil on a large canvas by Édouard Manet created in between 1862 and 1863. The painting represents the contrast between a female nude with fully clothed men in a rural setting. By that time, normally woman in paintings didn’t look at viewers straight, especially with nudes. Traditionally, nude models mostly looked away from the view. But however, Manet’s naked female model straightly stares at the viewer. This was shocking, but also challenging at the same time. The Luncheon on the Grass, received a great attention by causing public scandal with nude female and painting was success through setting, color, technique, composition and light. Luncheon on the Grass brought in much argument at its reveal. From this painting, the viewer is provoked by a naked female directly looking at the audience. By this time, this naked woman was obviously politically improper and especially, woman looking at the viewer as unashamed was totally unbelievable and offensive in a male-controlled, conquered society. This was the main reasons why it was forbidden and got teased from the public. Not only because picture of the naked female, but it was a commentary, and arguable as well. Painting it makes seem usual, and normal, besides something with sexualized. However, the two fully clothed men are not looking directly; it is only the naked female who grabs attention to be focus of the painting. Once again, the setting is very unusual, and it is unique. It seems like the models are just posing instead of having lunch together. The picnic basket lies on its side in the corner without any attention, and also the naked female has been completely left out along. The woman in far back in lake also seems left out from the lunching group too. None of these people seems gathered in the nature. However, some critics have inferred the painting as oddness with compositional sense, but it is delightful with the thought of the illusory. Manet’s use of color was influenced by the Impressionist movement, and it led the painting successful. Manet’s color use is combined with a very practical theme. He used mostly dark colors for the foreground such like dark greens, orange-browns and blacks for outlines. He also broke up of the movement of figure to add reality. Manet also inserted element of still life which is picnic basket in the bottom left corner of the painting. It subsidizes an added level of color. What is interesting in this painting is that he limited to use warm colors. And instead of having soft brush strokes and color mix, he uses vivid outlines around the figure. This concept lets the figure pop out of the landscape. Looking at the female figure, Manet painted in a flat tone with very little shading to capture the moment. The painting contains flat areas of color, and even in some places, Manet left it as a bare canvas. With limited of shading and contrast using of cool and warm colors prevent the tradition of depth and volume; also cause viewer’s attention to the surface of the painting. Manet’s light source through the painting was also interesting. This impression era is covered by the use of broad and detailed light source, which limits almost no shadows. However, the lightning in this scene of painting is unreliable and unusual. Compare to the two clothed men, the nude female takes the spotted light. She almost has no shadows besides strong outlines. Also because the two clothed men are wearing dark clothes, the nude female obviously pops out from the background and grabs viewers’ attention. I can see where the light hits in different areas, but the nude female takes the main light source, and therefore, the landscape background smoothed out the light. Tradition to this time era, Manet’s techniques were extraordinary and brush strokes become much less developed. Most of his brush strokes have been done in free handed. Focusing on the nude female, her skin is not smoothed out with value of color and brush techniques. Also the background is containing a rough brush strokes. During this time period, most of the artists are hiding brush strokes for their technique, but Manet did the opposites. It is obvious to see each brush stroke in nude female giving a rough complexion. In the background, also this style of rough brush strokes are made noticeable, and this even seems unfinished. Manet was free with technique. He did not try to hide or to follow the trends; indeed, some scenes in the painting seem unfinished. Through the composition, the figures are positioned in central. The interesting thing is that through this composition, I can draw myself a direct pyramid from. From the foreground nude female figure rises up to the lady in the water. With this compositional sense, attention falls between the two men. Men seem very odd and just stuck to be posing because compare to the women two men seems very dull and not interested in. They were not paying attention to the woman, and also not gathered at all. None of the figures seems relaxed. Rather than posing natural in the nature, these figures give tightness look. However, Manet successfully balanced the light against dark, use of cool color background and well blends the nude figure with warm tone, covers up the oddness and conveyed as successful painting. To sum up, Manet’s Luncheon on the grass is with mystery, oddness and wonder. He detailed his idea to the work, and all the elements he included in this painting lead great result follow in 1863. As an impressionist, Manet earned great media attention by causing public scandal and painting was success through setting, color, technique, composition and light. Artist: Édouard Manet Title: The Luncheon on the Grass Date: 1862 and 1863 Medium: Oil paint

Causality and Effect

CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY Another common method of organizing an essay is by cause and effect. In a cause and effect essay, you discuss the reasons for something, and then you discuss the results. Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). It is a common method of organizing and discussing ideas. The following are examples of typical cause and effect essay topics: * Causes and effects of computer revolution * Causes and effects of global warming * Causes for the popularity of fast food restaurants * Reasons for the increase in inflation Effects of illiteracy * Technology’s effect on human freedom and happiness In fact, cause and effect (which can also be called reasons and results) is one of the most used forms of organization in academic writing. STEPS IN WRITING CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS 1. Distinguish between cause and effect. To determine causes, ask: â€Å"Why did this happen? † To identify effects, ask: â€Å"What happened because of this? † The following is an example of one cause producing one effect: Cause: You are out of gas. Effect: Your car won’t start. Sometimes, many causes contribute to a single effect or many effects may result from a single cause.The following are examples: Causes: Liked business in high school Salaries in the field are high Have an aunt who is an accountant Am good with numbers Effect: Choose to major in accounting Cause: Reduce work hours Effects: Less income Employer is irritated More time to study More time for family and friends However, most situations are more complicated. The following is an example of a chain reaction: Thinking about friend†¦forgot to buy gas†¦car wouldn’t start†¦missed math exam†¦failed math course. 2. Develop your thesis statement. State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both.Introduce your main idea, using the terms â€Å"cause† and/or â€Å"effect†. 3. Find and organize supporting details. Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient details that are organized. You can organize details in the following ways: * Chronological: Details are arranged in the order in which the events occurred. * Order of importance: Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa. * Categorical: Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories. 4. Use appropriate transitions. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases listed below.For Causes: First, second, because, due to, one cause is, another is, since, for, etc. For Effects: Consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore, etc. ORGANIZING the â€Å"CAUSE and EFFECT ESSAY† There are basically two ways to organize a cause and effect essay: â€Å"Block† organization and â€Å"Chain† organization. The former one is widely used in academic writing, whereas t he latter is used in writing about topics such as scientific experimentation. In block organization, you first discuss all of the causes as a block (in one, two or three paragraphs, depending on the number of the causes).Then you discuss all of the effects together as a block. In chain organization, you discuss a first cause and its effect, a second cause and its effect, and a third cause and its effect in a chain. BLOCK TYPE| CHAIN TYPE| Introduction| Introduction| 1st Cause| 1st Cause & Effect| 2nd Cause| 2nd Cause & Effect| Transition Paragraph| 3rd Cause & Effect| 1st Effect| Conclusion| 2nd Effect| 3rd Effect| Conclusion| BLOCK ORGANIZATION Below is an example of an essay â€Å"Turkey’s admission to the EU† written in block organization.This is the pattern| This is how the sample outline looks| Introduction * Introduction of general topic * Thesis statement * Specific areas to be covered in this essay| Introduction * Background information about Turkey’s at tempts to be a member of EU. * There are two main reasons for Turkey to be such a good candidate in order to be admitted to the EU: its economic development and unique geopolitical position * This essay will cover first causes then effects| Essay section I (Causes) * Cause 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Cause 2 a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Causes of Turkey’s being a good candidate for the EU. ) Progress in economy a) Increased welfare rate b) The increase in the GDP 2) Unique geopolitical position a) Strategic waterways b) Borders with various countries c) Crisscrossed by oil and gas pipeline| There is the transition paragraph to make a link between causes and effects blocks. Having looked at the causes (reasons) for being a suitable member for the EU, let’s now look at the two main effects of winning admission to the EU: increase in the literacy rate and decrease in the unemployment rate. | * Essay Section II (Effects)Effect 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Effects of Turkey’s potential membership to the EU. . The increase in literary rate among the young population a) More schools b) More opportunities for education2. Drop in the employment rate in Turkey a) New job opportunities| Conclusion * Summary of the main points (and looks to future)| Conclusion * The two main reasons for Turkey to win admission to the EU are its developing economy in addition to its geopolitical position which is like no other country in the Middle East. * If Turkey continues with the same speed of progress and by applying the EU criteria, there is no wonder that this date will be quite soon. TURKEY’S ADMISSION TO THE EU Turkey is a developing country with a great potential of human and non-human resources which are waiting to be exploited. With this potential, for some time Turkey has been trying to win admission as a EU member. Nowadays, this topic is top on the agenda. One must admit that Turkey has come a long way to reach its present condition and to become a suitable candidate for EU membership. There are two main reasons for Turkey to be such a good candidate in order to be admitted to the EU: its economic development and unique geopolitical position.First of all, in order to be accepted to the EU, Turkey has shown much progress in economy. Turkish leaders have solved many economic problems. As a consequence, the welfare rate in the country has increased. Similarly, the increase in the GDP has affected the economy. Therefore, the external debts have been paid. Secondly, Turkey is suitable for EU membership because of its unique geopolitical position. It not only sits astride strategic waterways by means of the Straits but also borders with the countries like Syria, Iraq, Iran and the former Soviet republics of Armenia and Georgia.As a result, this geopolitical position creates an enormous desire in the EU to accept Turkey as a strategic ally. Moreover, Turkey is a county crisscrossed by oil and gas pipelines. Thus, it attr acts many businessmen for trade. Having looked at the causes (reasons) for being a suitable member for the EU, let’s now look at the two main effects of winning admission to the EU: increase in the literacy rate and decrease in the unemployment rate. One of the biggest effects of admission to the EU will be the increase in literacy rate among the young population.It is a well-known fact that some children in Turkey cannot have a good education and as a result do not know how to read and write. If Turkey is accepted, the literacy rate will start rising because the EU criteria in education will be applied in our country. As a result of these criteria, more schools will be built and more opportunities for education will be created. Therefore, the literacy rate will gradually increase over the years. Another effect of gaining admission to the EU will be seen in the drop in the unemployment rate in Turkey. The EU countries will provide new job opportunities for Turkish people.Sinc e Turkish people will be allowed to freely move in European countries, they will be able to solve their problem of unemployment in these countries by providing them with their cheap labor force. In conclusion, the two main reasons for Turkey to win admission to the EU are its developing economy in addition to its geopolitical position which is like no other country in the Middle East. If these factors enable Turkey to get what it wants for a long time, its effects will be seen in not only the increase in the literacy rate but also the drop in the unemployment rate.We exactly know the reasons and results of this process; however, what we do not know is the date of admission. If Turkey continues with the same speed of progress and by applying the EU criteria, there is no wonder that this date will be quite soon. PRACTICE I: MAKING AN OUTLINE WOMEN’S LIBERATION Since the middle of this century, women around the world have been seeking greater independence and recognition. No lon ger content with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers, women have joined together to create the so-called â€Å"women’s liberation movement. While the forces behind this international movement vary from culture to culture and from individual to individual, the basic causes sin the United States can be traced to three events: the development of effective birth-control methods, the invention of labor-saving for the home and the advent of World War II. The first cause of the liberation of women was the development of effective birth-control methods, freeing women from endless cycle of childbearing and rearing. As a result of having a choice as to when and if to bear children, women acquired the freedom and the time to pursue interests outside of the home.Because of the development of birth control, women could delay having children or avoid having them altogether, consequently, women had the opportunity to acquire an education and pursue a career. Another event was the development of mechanized labor-saving devices for the home, resulting in more leisure time and freedom for women. For example, fifty years ago, a housewife spent an average of twelve to fourteen hours per day doing housework. Dye to the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines and dishwashers, a housewife can now take care of her daily housework in about five hours.The final event that, at least in the United States, gave impetus to the liberation of women was World War II. During the war, most men were serving in the military. Consequently, women had to fill the vacancies in the labor force. Women by the thousands went to work in factories and then took over businesses for their absent husbands. This was a great change for the majority of American women, fort hey discovered that they could weld airplanes and manage businesses as well as change diapers and bake cookies.These three events planted the seeds of great change in society, and the effects of th is change are being felt at all levels: in the family, in business, and in government. One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. The traditional husband-wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation. Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household. One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. The traditional husband-wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation.Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household tasks of cooking, cleaning and even caring for children. In some families, there has been a complete reversal of the traditional roles: the husband stays at home, while the wife earns the family’s income. It should be pointed out, however, that this is the exception, not the rule. In most families in the United States, the husband still earns most of the Money, and the wife does most of the housework. Th e effects of women’s liberation are being felt not only in the home but also on the job.More and more women are working, and they are demanding equal salaries and equally responsible positions. It is not uncommon for a woman to be the president of a Corporation these days. Many businesses encourage women to advance to high management positions, and every year, the nations’ schools produce more women doctors, lawyers and accountants. Politics and governments are still other areas that are feeling the effects of the women’s movement. Although the United States doesn’t appear ready to accept a woman president, as some countries of the world have, women are being elected to public office in increasing numbers.The United States currently has several women governors, which is the highest Office in a state. A few years ago, this would have been unthinkable. In conclusion, women in the United States are acquiring greater independence, which is causing sweeping ch anges in society — at home, at work, and in politics. While men may not be happy with these changes, they should always remember that it was they, the men, who created the conditions leading to the liberation of women: men made war, male scientists developed birth control, and businessman earned a lot of Money selling vacuum cleaners and dishwashers.WOMEN’S LIBERATION OUTLINE This is the pattern| This is how the sample outline looks| * Introduction * Introduction of general topic * Thesis statement * Specific areas to be covered in this essay| * Introduction| Essay section I (Causes) * Cause I a) Subsection b) Subsection * Cause II a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Causes of women’s liberation * _______________________ _______________________ * _______________________ _______________________ * _______________________ _______________________|There is the transition paragraph to make a link between causes and effects blocks. __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________| Essay section II (Effects) * Effect 1 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effect 2 a) Subsection b) Subsection * Effect 3 a) Subsection b) Subsection| * Effects of women’s liberation * ________________________________________________________________________________________ * ________________________________________________________________________________________ * ________________________________________________________________________________________| * Conclusion * Summary of main points (and look to future)| * Conclusion * _____________________________________________________________________________________| Make an outline for the causes and effects of teenage smoking. I. Introduction Thesis:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. II. Cause 1: III. Cause 2: IV. Cause 3: V. Transition Paragraph VI. Effect 1: VII. Effect 2: VIII. Effect 3: IX. Conclusion Paragraph Now, write an essay that discusses causes and effects of teenage smoking. EFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TVDiscoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefit s and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind-there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings. One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain.It is true that there are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks everyday (there is even a term â€Å"TV snacks† to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it. It is addictive. Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence.After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work, people seek to relax in front of the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces. Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them.TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the r ight purpose only-being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching TV too much. A Different Example of Block Organization: CAUSES THE CAUSES OF POVERTY IN MEXICO Are you aware that 20 million people in Mexico live on less than two dollars a day? Sixty million people, half the Mexican population, live in poverty, and twenty million of them live in extreme poverty. Most of the time, garbage is their food, and some days, they don’t even eat anything. This critical situation in Mexico is caused by individual, geographic and political factors.The purpose of this essay is to analyze these three main causes of poverty in Mexico. The first and immediate cause of poverty in Mexico is the individual condition. This cause refers to circumstances and characteristics of poor people. For example, the amount of education, skill, intelligence, health , and prejudice all have an influence on poverty. The lack of education is one of the most significant factors that contribute to poverty. There is no access to jobs for non-educated people. The second cause of poverty has to do with geography. For example, statistics show that people who live in rural areas far away from the cities are poorer. This is caused by the lack of communication and transportation in remote rural areas.Because of this, governments can’t provide essential services such as water, affordable food, primary health care, and education. People who live there are totally isolated from the rest of the society. The third and most significant cause of poverty in Mexico is the political economy of the country. The International Monetary Fund and World Bank-prescribed structural adjustment policies have been applied in Mexico because the government doesn’t carry out enough policies to encourage successful development. They cannot, for these international i nstitutions lend money to Mexico on the condition that the nation open up its economy and cut social expenditures to repay the loans.The IMF and World Bank programs are supposed to reduce poverty, but actually they are increasing it. Unless the Mexican government works on the causes of the poverty which are the individual condition, the geographic factor, and the political economy of the country, the problem is going to get worse. Nobody likes to see poor children eating out of garbage cans. Mexico needs a new political economy designed by Mexican economists and politicians, people who are committed to Mexico and to the future of its society. CHAIN ORGANIZATION Another type of cause-and-effect analysis is the casual chain. Unlike the multiple cause-effect analyses, the causes and effects in a casual chain are always directly related; in fact, they are linked.In the casual chain, one effect can become a cause of another effect, which in turn becomes a cause of another effect, and so on. For example, let us say that a man had problems at work; as a result, he started to drink heavily. His heavy drinking eventually caused him to behave in an abusive way to his wife; his wife then alienated herself from him. His wife’s alienation caused him to feel even more alone and more of a failure; his depression caused him to decide for a divorce. The domino-like chain might be diagrammed as follows: problems at work cause drinking heavily effect cause abusive behavior toward wife ffect cause alienation of wife effect cause depression increase effect cause divorce effect The other major use of the casual chain is in science to analyze various kinds of cycles, biological or chemical chains, for example. Study the following essay, which analyzes a casual chain. See if the cause-effect relationships are clarified and explained. Below is an example of an essay written in chain organization. UPSETTING THE BALANCE OF NATURE The members of a living community exist together in a particular, balanced relationship, or ecosystem. One animal species eats another animal species which in turn eats another.Over years, a balance is worked out among the plants and animals in a community and it remains basically stable. It is like a huge puzzle with all of the pieces in their proper places. However, at times this balance in nature is disturbed, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects. Perhaps a disease results in the near extinction of one species, leaving another species with no natural predator. The result can be a terrific increase in that one species’ population. This could further result in the devastation of a shared food supply, which could in turn affect another species. It is possible for the disruption in the balance of nature to have natural causes: disease, drought, fire.Sometimes, however, human beings intervene in a natural environment, perhaps only slightly and with good intentions. The result is the same. The balance of natur e becomes unbalanced and results in an entire chain reaction of unforeseen and unwanted effects. A good example of this occurred in the Antilles in the 1870’s. Sugar cane was a major crop there, but rats were eating and nesting in the cane, causing a great deal of damage. The mongoose, a one-and-a-half-foot-long mammal of the East Indies, was known to be an excellent rat hunter. Several males and females were imported in 1872, and laws were established that forbade the killing of them or their offspring. The mongoose flourished in the Antilles.After ten years it had multiplied abundantly and had significantly reduced the rat population. Consequently, damage to the cane fields was greatly reduced. It seemed that the scheme to add another piece to the ecological puzzle in the Antilles had been successful. However, that is not the end of the story. The influence of the mongoose did not stop there. As the rat population decreased and the mongoose population increased, the mongoos e needed to enlarge its menu. It attacked young pigs and goats, game, poultry, and began to destroy bananas, maize and pineapples. Because the mongoose could not be hunted, its numbers increased rapidly, and it became a terrible past. All of the indigenous animals suffered damage.The mongoose learned to enjoy the native birds, snakes, lizards, turtles and their eggs. Now, it was specifically these animals that kept the local insect population in check. There were in the ecosystem of the Antilles a number of beetles, borers, and other insects that lived on and in the sugar cane. Until that time, they had not caused significant damage to the cane, because they were the natural food of so many local animals that kept their numbers down. However, as the birds, snakes, lizards, and turtles disappeared, the insect population began to increase. With no natural predators to keep them in check, the insects began to do more and more damage to the cane fields.Finally, the people of the Antille s realized that the introduction of the mongoose had caused a finely and delicately balanced system to go awry. The law against killing the mongoose was rescinded, and the mongoose population was reduced. Gradually, the different members of the plant and animal community came back into balance with each other and equilibrium was reestablished. However, the human members of the community would not soon forget that a single change in an ecosystem can cause a chain reaction that results in completely unforeseen and sometimes unwanted effects. PRACTICE: MAKING AN OUTLINE The following short essay describes a simple CHAIN reaction. SADWhen winter arrives, some people get sad, even depressed. Doctors have recently started to study the causes of a medical disorder that they have appropriately named SAD, or seasonal affective disorder. People who suffer from SAD become very depressed during the winter months. Their depression appears to be the result of a decrease in the amount of sunlight they are exposed to. Doctors theorize that decreased sunlight affects the production of melatonin, a hormone manufactured in the brain, and serotonin, a chemical that helps transmit nerve impulses. Depression may result from ensuing (following immediately) imbalance of these two substances in the body.Also doctors believe that a decrease in the amount of sunlight the body receives may cause a disturbance in the body’s natural clock ( normal cycle of sleep and wakefulness) which could, in turn, result in symptoms such as lethargy (tiredness), oversleeping, weight gain, anxiety, and irritability—all signs of depression. Since absence of light seems to be the cause of this disorder, a daily dose of light appears to be the cure. Doctors advise patients to sit in front of a special light box that stimulates natural light for a few hours every day. In conclusion, the depressive effect of low sunlight levels may help explain the high number of depressed people in Scandinavian countries, and more importantly, it may suggest a remedy (cure). When the days grow short, turn on the lights. A) Read the essay above and answer these questions. 1. What causes the days to grow shorter? ________________________________________________________ 2. ————————————————- What is the effect of shorter days? ————————————————- 3. What does this cause? _________________________________________________________ 4. What other change results from a decrease in the amount of light? _________________________________________________________ 5. What is the final result? _________________________________________________________ B) Fill in the boxes to complete the flowchart, which illustrates the cause and effect chain described in the model essay â€Å"SAD† . WINTER| | Body produces less|Lethargy, oversleeping, weight, anxiety, irritability| CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY CHECKLIST Check the appropriate box. YES NO 1. Does your essay have general statements in the introduction paragraph? | | | 2. Does your essay have a thesis statement that indicates the cause & effect style and expresses the central idea of your essay in the introduction paragraph? | | | 3. Does your essay include both the causes and effects of the topic you wrote about? | | | 4. Have you analyzed the causes with sufficient supporting details using cause & effect structure words? | | | 5. Have you analyzed the effects with